because sometimes, it’s just not light enough. not the light you want but the light you need. okay I’ll stop quoting from batman.
so flashes. there’s so much you can do with them. the flash is very powerful and there’s ways to control that because there’s things you can to the flash. there are things you can add on to make it more shinner or matte. depending on the shape of the advice, it will either spread the light around more or restrict where it’s going. there are situations where you want harsh light for artistic reasons (grungy/night shots/etc), so all depends on what you want to achieve.
BASICS
we have
BARE: nothing on it
DIFFUSER CAP: a simple piece of plastic on it so the flash isn’t as harsh and get you those crappy point and shoot
UMBRELLA: what you think it is. an umbrella. it’s big so it ensures light goes everywhere and lights up your picture. also makes it soft. since it’s shooting from a curved object there’s dimensionality to the light
OCOTDOME: kind of the same thing, imagine it’s shooting out of a flat octogon. so it gives some dimensionality as well.
SOFTBOX: shooting out of a flat square. purely flat so if you want to hit a face with equal lighting, this is your best bet as it’s one flat plan of light
GRID: when you really want to tone down the light. it’s like putting a cricross of walls so imagine little rays of light coming out
BEAUTY DISH/RING FLASH: so imagine a giant bowl cept the there’s metal plate so light shots out in a ring. basically this gives it hard light but renders the edges soft. this is great for studio shots.
REVERSE UMBRELLA: same as umbrella but you’re shooting INTO the flash and it’s bouncing off the inside (silver). it’s very reflective
SNOUT: essentially a long tube, so the light goes through a tunnel before exiting. it’s like shining a flashlight on someone
BOUNCE: bounce it off a surface (say a ceiling) and it will come down on that person. it’ll soften as it got reflected once
there’s usually NEVER a case where you aim a flash at a person full power for portraits unless you’re trying to overpower the fun. msot of the time you’ll be trying to soften it.
I’ve made a diagram of how each light affects the model. I’m sorry for defiling jessica alba so please forgive me.


so now these lights be be mofied in any way. you can add gels for coloring, also additional layers of grids/fabric/white material to further soften the light. or you can just the power levels on your flashes.
So now you know what you can do with flashes, now you can begin to “paint”.
if you put a flash behind someone, they will have a white outline lighting up. if you put a flash to the side, one side will be light than the other. and so forth. so it can be as simple as “hey it’s too dark and I need to light this person up” to “let’s light up the hair and the left side”
the other important thing is CATCHLIGHT – which is basically a little dot of the flash firing off in the eye – as your eye actually reflects what they see. you don’t see that white dot in the eyes for all pictures but it draws you in subconciously as a user. I always make it a habit to lighten the eyes so they ‘pop’ a bit.
HOW TO TRIGGER
now this gets a bit tricky. you’re gonna need equipment for this. lightstands hold up the flashes (think tripods), and you can put on whatever you need on there on top of the flash(umbrella, softbox, etc). for triggering you can either put a cord into your camera or have a flash/your camera/triggering system trigger it.
there are 2 kinds. there is “line of light” meaning you have to be able to see it. so if I put a flash behind someone it won’t fire because the signal won’t go through the person if I”m shooting towards him. this is built into the camera flashes in itself. you may have to put a flash on your camera to trigger the other flashes if you don’t want to use wires. the other is wirelessly, and you can achieve that thorugh a triggering system. put transmitters on your flashes and a trigger(sets off the flashes) on your camera. some of the expensive ones (pocketwizard) go through objects while some do not. in a small room the signal may also bounce off the walls and hit the flash so indoors is generally more reliable.
WHEN TO USE FLASH
for dramatic effect. if there is no sun and there is no lighting source – make one!
if you want that little light in the eyes and not photoshop it
sometimes you need to mimic “natural” light
at night because you can’t see anything and your camera can’t either
DEMOS
so now I’m sure you want to see some examples. it’s not that hard to deduce where the light is if you just look at where it’s coming from – pretend they’re flashlights.
http://winterwish.net/gallery3/index.php/2012-AOD/Best-of-the-best/1_002 – flash to the left of the person undiffused
http://winterwish.net/gallery3/index.php/2012-AOD/Best-of-the-best/4 – hard flash to the right of the person undiffused
http://winterwish.net/gallery3/index.php/2012-AOD/Best-of-the-best/FANIME2K10_WEB-69 – lit ONLY behind the person so you get that little glow around her
http://winterwish.net/gallery3/index.php/2012-AOD/Best-of-the-best/fanime2011web-4 – big softbox on the left angled so only a little bit is lit. soft light.
http://winterwish.net/gallery3/index.php/2012-AOD/Best-of-the-best/fanime2011web-118 – 1 flash in back to light up hair, 1 flash in front to fill face/catchlight
http://winterwish.net/gallery3/index.php/2012-AOD/Best-of-the-best/wbayonetta-4 – light back to light up hair(hard), 1 flash in front with umbrella to soften
http://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.10150603579433355.402171.206732428354&type=1 – here is a set I did recently. 1st shot I used a flash to light up my face, and another to light up the bedsheet behind me so it looks like a white background. 2nd/3rd shot 1 hard light in the back and 1 in the front with beauty dish for just little bit of detail so you can see my face.
CONCLUSION
so in the end it comes down to what you want to achieve, and then it’s a matter of tweaking how hard/soft/intense each source to be. this can be done with flash positioning, hardware, photoshop or simply turning down the flash. the more you do with flashes the less you have to fix in photoshop so remember that.
Thank you for reading. I hope that was helpful.